Personal Encounters with Chinese Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Encounters with Chinese Painting - Essay Example Experience of doing Chinese painting is enjoyable especially when applying fine brushwork and it really demands unique understanding of Chinese traditional culture for an excellent application of materials. Doing Chinese painting is indeed very interesting and it concentrates much on the utilization of different materials. I found it unique at the way different materials used determined the style of the painting even if the materials such as mountains and waters have similar delineation and enriched colors. I further realized that even the simplest brush and ink can play a great role in revealing everything although it may mean that a stereotyped routine is not followed. I experienced diverse feeling that come out of every Chinese painting and it is was indeed not easy to turn a blind eye on the artworks. Doing Chinese painting provokes emotions and sentiments because of the materials used that incorporates mental issue more than just the physical appearance of the painting. Doing Ch inese painting equips one with diverse creative methods because of the Chinese rich cultural perspective that drives the painting as well as the availability of room for flexibility purposes. There is also a feeling and experience of honor when bringing forth new ideas in creation and introduction of make-ups and coming up with the contemporary composition. There is also an element of simplicity experienced when doing Chinese painting because of the simple materials that are utilized. Using the materials is an easy.

Descartes vs. Spinoza Essay Example for Free

Descartes vs. Spinoza Essay What I will do in this following paper is to discuss two very interesting philosophers, Rene Descartes and Benedictus de Spinoza. I will discuss each philosopher’s perspectives and insights on their most recognized theories and thoughts. I will then evaluate them and then give my opinion on the given topic. By doing this, I will contrast the similarities and differences between the two genius minds. By the end of the paper I will have discarded some ideas and opinions from each of the two and will have my own judgment that consists of thoughts from Spinoza, Descartes and my self put together. Themes On Descartes: Existence of God- Descartes’ View One of the most famous and debatable theories Descartes had was his proof of the existence of God. He had for steps on the ladder to prove this. 1) Everything including our ideas has a cause. 2) We have an idea of God. 3) Nothing less than God is adequate to be the cause of our idea of God. An lastly 4) Therefore God exists. My View Considering the fact that Descartes was a rationalist and a very religious man, you can see why he would desperately try to make sense of everything, including God. I believe his proof that he has laid out for us that God exists is false. What Descartes is trying to tell us is that our idea of God comes directly from God himself and that we cannot create something in our minds that we have not already witnessed by our senses. But I believe we can implant the idea of God in our minds without God planting it for us. Since man has been on this planet, we have been evolving. I believe our idea of God is a collection of thoughts and ideas that has evolved. Ideas such as security, peace, direction, order, separating good and evil, questions to our existence, comfort, space, answers to questions no one has. It is all these thoughts, ideas and more put together in our minds overtime that create this all mighty powerful being who knows all and is all that we call God. The U-Turn- Descartes’ View One of the aspects Descartes strived to find was â€Å"certainty†, searching for absolute foundation. He felt in order to come across certainty; we must first doubt everything we know. To help people comprehend his idea, he created the U-Turn as a visual reference to understand. As we go down the â€Å"U† we first doubt common sense, then we doubt awake/sleep since he believes we can’t distinguish the difference. We continue to go down the â€Å"U† by doubting mathematics because there could be an â€Å"Evil Genius† that tricks us into believing something untrue. At the bottom of this U we reach the point where nothing is certain except one thing according to Descartes, which is our existence. He says â€Å"I think, therefore I am†, which means the only thing we can be certain about is our own existence. He then stops and says if we exist, then there must be a God, and this is where the U takes its turn and moves upwards. He then says if God exists he would not deceive us because he is all loving and caring, therefore we have no reason to doubt mathematics, followed by ourselves (body/mind) and lastly we can then be certain about the physical world, no need to doubt it. My View I find this to be an interesting concept that Descartes has formulated in his mind, one that is most definitely worth thinking about and taking into consideration. But in my point of view, there is a break in his chain. From the moment he mentions we doubt being awake and asleep is where I think his U-Turn collapses. Descartes says we can not distinguish the difference between the two, but that’s only true to a certain point. As humans we have logic, common sense and we are aware of most of the knowledge we obtain. We know that we live a life every day and that we need rest every night; and we know that sleeping is a form of rest which sometimes includes bizarre, twisted, chaotic scenarios which we call dreams or nightmares. The argument he made on this segment of his U-Turn concept was only half true. He was right on the fact that we can not distinguish the difference when in a dream state but wrong on the idea that same goes for when we are awake. As human begins we may not be able to have any reasoning, logic or understand the fact that we are dreaming but when we are not dreaming we can logically know we are awake and be able to know the difference between awake/sleep which means we don’t have to doubt common sense or mathematics anymore. If this is the case then Descartes U-Turn theory is wrong and the idea that the only thing we can be â€Å"certain† about is our own existence is false. Themes On Spinoza: Conception of God- Spinoza’s’ View Spinoza went on a whole different direction when it came to God. Up to his point in time most people believed in a transcendent God, this meant that they believed in a personal God that was all loving, caring and would not deceive us human beings. People would prey to this personal God for various things like comfort and security, but Spinoza had his own belief. His conception was quite different from that of anyone else. His conception of God was non-personal (Non- Transcendent) and was the totality of everything that is immanent. He explained that our infinite Universe is one that has no outside and is also one big web where everything in it is connected. What he is basically trying to say is that God=Nature, God is the totality of everything that is. My View Spinoza’s conception of God is quite absurd. There may or may not be a God but if there is, it is definitely not the totality of everything that is. The meaning of God is a higher supreme being that would have a higher consciousness than humans. There is a difference between nature and God. I feel nature is more on the lines of what he is trying to say but uses the word â€Å"God†. God can not be everything that is because then that would mean we are part of the make up of God and that is absurd. How can everything in the universe that has no conception of God be a part of God? His thoughts and ideas on this subject don’t add up in the end and don’t seem like an acceptable solution to the questions revolving around â€Å"God†. Ethics: On Interconnected Self- Spinoza’s’ View Spinoza said that freedom of choice is an illusion and that everything that happens is part of a necessary order witch is completely rational. My View If freedom of choice is an illusion and everything is already set to happen before it occurs†¦then why are we making choices in the first place? I believe we do have freedom of choice and that we set our own destiny. Everything will be set but is not set yet. We must make choices and decisions to get to where we want to or do not want to. This can be compared to a video game, the programmer and the player. The programmer sets al these scenarios, levels, obstacles, directions and gives the gamer various choices to make. The player goes through these obstacles, and makes choices where many possibilities are presented to him/her. Ultimately the game will finish one way or the other with the choices that the player makes. All these various different possibilities were laid out (each which had its own outcome) but the player made the decision to get to where he/she is now. Overall Comparison: After taking in everything these two philosophers have presented and evaluating their ideas, I have come up with my own thoughts. I believe Descartes had a much more reasonable and acceptable point of view than Spinoza. Descartes thoughts and concepts were easier to understand and coupe with. I disagree a lot with both of the two but my mind has a greater understanding of Descartes perspective. Spinoza was so special in his own way because of his unique ideas but his concepts on God and ethics seemed to far fetch. Descartes seemed to be on a perfect track until he took a couple things too far like God, trying to prove his existence. If we are to gain knowledge through sense experience then technically we have no knowledge of God, jus a compound of thoughts and ideas to create such a being. Overall I like Descartes philosophical way of thinking more than any other philosopher and feel we can learn a lot from him including helping ourselves to think in a more abstract philosophical manner. Sources Of Information: 1) A History of Western Philosophy : Hobbes to Hume (Second Edition) 2) individual. utoronto. ca/mtlin/god. pdf 3) www. utm. edu/research/iep/s/spinoza. htm 4) http://serendip. brynmawr. edu/Mind/17th. html 5) www. trincoll. edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/descartes. html 6) www. connect. net/ron/descartes. html.

The Cask Of The Amontillado - Revenge :: essays research papers

A Tale of Revenge in The Cask of the Amontillado "The Cask of Amontillado" is a powerful tale of revenge. Montresor, the sinister narrator of this tale, pledges revenge upon Fortunato for an insult. Montresor intends to seek vengeance in support of his family motto: "Nemo me impune lacessit."("No one assails me with impunity.") On the coat of arms, which bears this motto, appears " [a] huge human foot d'or, in a field of azure; the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose fangs are embedded in the heel." It is important for Montresor to have his victim know what is happening to him. Montresor will derive pleasure from the fact that "...as Fortunato slowly dies, the thought of his rejected opportunities of escape will sting him with unbearable regret, and as he sobers with terror, the final blow will come from the equalization that his craving for the wine has led him to his doom. "The Cask of Amontillado" is about one man's family revenge on another family. In structure, there can be no doubt, that both Montresor's plan of revenge and Poe's story are carefully crafted to create the desired effect. Poe writes this story from the perspective of Montresor who vows revenge against Fortunato in an effort to support his time-honored family motto: "Nemo me impune lacessit" or "No one assails me with impunity." (No one can attack me without being punished.) Poe does not intend for the reader to sympathize with Montresor because Fortunato has wronged him, but rather to judge him. Telling the story from Montresor's point of view, intensifies the effect of moral shock and horror. Once again, the reader is invited to delve into the inner workings of a sinister mind. This part of the story is very disturbing and emotionally unstable. Fortunato undergoes a change from laughter and thinking a practical joke is being played on him to a groaning realization that he is a dead man. This is the place where we chose to make our project. Although several characters are mentioned in this story, the true focus lies upon Montresor, the diabolical narrator of this tale of horror, who pledges revenge upon Fortunato for an insult.

Corporation and Consolidated Cash Flow Essay

ASC 830-230-55-1: This reference shows how to format and account for cash flows when a company has subsidiaries operating in foreign countries. It gives an example of a consolidated cash flow statement from a US based company and its two subsidiary companies. The reference explains how excess cash should be disclosed. A majority of the reference deals with the local currency and how it should be shown with the parent company, in this case a US company based on the dollar. So for both foreign companies it needs to be formatted with both local and US. b) ASC 926-330-35-1: This references how an entity can evaluate their inventory at the end of a period. Manly to do with products help for sale, meaning items that are in inventory and that your business is going to be selling to clients. The inventory can be evaluated at the net realizable value, meaning the sale of the product minus the cost associated with it. c) ASC 954-440-25-2: This references how a continuing care facility can attain some loss when calculating its cost to its clients. These care facilities are required to show annual their future facility and service cost. They do this to see if there will be any liability that needs to be recognized. d) ASC 505-20-50-1: This references how a stock dividend can be described to the public and the corporation should try to by all means not to describe it as a stock split. It gives an example of how a corporation because of a legal requirement may be able to describe it. e) ASC 710-10-05-6: This section references deferred compensation with regards to a Rabbi Trust for their employee. It gives the three ways through which the trust can be settled, with cash, shares of stock, and with diversified assets.

Nature and Causes of Police Corruption Essay

Chapter-One 1.1. Introduction and background of the study Police corruption is a form of police misconduct in which law enforcement officers seek personal gain, such as money or career advancement, through the abuse of power, for example by accepting bribes in exchange for not pursuing, or selectively pursuing, an investigation or arrest. Police officers in Bangladesh, almost without exception, are corrupt and will do just as much to earn some money as any other poor Bengali. Remember that many police officers choose this job, because it puts them in a position where they can squeeze some money out of their fellow countrymen. Although studied and researched, the topic of police corruption, in large part, remains a mystery. Sir Robert Peel was credited with the concept that the police depend on citizen cooperation in providing services in a democratic society. As such, the detrimental aspects of police misconduct cannot be overstated. In terms of public trust for law enforcement, recent polls show that only 56 percent of people rated the police as having a high or very high ethical standard as compared with 84 percent for nurses. Over the past few decades, great strides have occurred in the law enforcement profession. To begin with, many police agencies have avoided hiring candidates who have low ethical standards and have identified those onboard employees early in their careers who might compromise the department’s integrity. In addition, research has discovered new methods of testing candidates for their psychological propensity to act ethically. However, unethical conduct by the nation’s police officers continues to occur in departments large and small. Research into police corruption offers some understanding of the phenomenon in the hope of rooting out this behavior that serves to undermine the overall legitimacy of law enforcement. Theories on the role of society in law enforcement, the negative influence of an officer’s department, and a person’s own natural tendency to engage in unethical behavior have been offered as explanations of police corruption. In Bangladesh most of the people is peace loving but they can’t live in peace because of corruption in every major department here. People are facing so many troubles in their everyday life by police corruption when they go to them or they are arrested  by police. Police are using several ways to corrupt people. People are also identifying the causes and reacting as they influenced by the police personnel. It is called that police of our country is one of the most corrupted department of our government. In this research paper the present corruption nature of our police and how people react about them, the causes of police corruption are mainly observed. Any discussion on police will be incomplete without a word about the origin and development of this institution. Originally, the word ‘police’ was used in a wider sense to connote the management of internal economy and the enforcement of governmental regulation in a particular country. With the passage of time, the term ‘police’ began to use in a much narrower sense to connote an agency of the State to maintain law and order and enforce the regulation of the code of Criminal Procedure. In the present context of Bangladesh, the term ‘police’ connotes a body of civil servants whose primary duties preservation of order, prevention and detention of crimes and enforcement of law. As pointed out by Ernest Fround, police functions generally relate to promoting public welfare by restraining and regulating the use of property and liberty of persons. Police force has been in existence in this country in one form or another from the very ancient time. The Mughal rulers in India also had a well organized police force for maintaining law and order in society. The police system during the Mughal period undoubtedly suited to the needs of a simple homogenous agricultural community, but it could not withstand the strains of political disorder and, therefore, with the decline of Mughal Empire, the system of police administration also collapsed. The British Government in India retained the system of policing prevailing in each province with modification. According to the regulation of 1816, village headmen were made ex officio heads of police also. They apprehend offender and forwarded them to District authorities. The Police Commission of 1860 recommended continuance of the prevailing system of rural policing with minor changes. The Police Act 1861, was enacted to † reorganize the police and to make it more effective instrument for the prevention and  detention of crime† as laid down in the preamble of the Act. The Government of Lord Curzon appointed another Commission called the Police Commission of 1902 to suggest measures for reform in police working. Surprisingly, the Commission instead of suggesting any measures for reform in the existing rural police highly commended the prevailing set-up. Though our country is now independent, it conveys the rules of Police Act 1861. 1.2. Statement of the problem of the study In Bangladesh illegal police surveillance has greatly shaped the police image and use of excessive force, rape and killing custody and other questionable practices raised serious questions about the legitimacy of the police. In our country, a police officer makes a prayer for ‘remand’ stating that the accused is involved in a cognizable offence and for the purpose of interrogation ‘remand’ is necessary. In sub section(2) of section 167 though it is not mentioned that ‘remand’ can be allowed for the purpose of interrogation, at present, the practice is that an accused is taken on ‘remand’ only for the purpose of interrogation or for extorting information from the accused through interrogation. There is no proper guideline as to when such prayer should be accepted and when rejected by the magistrate and this legal lacuna gives both the police officers and magistrates power to abuse the same. Police officers being motivated or dictated by the executive organ or out of their personal conflict or aggrandizement seek unreasonable remand under section 167 of the Code. Thus police get the easy opportunity for torturing people through remand. Article 35(4) of the constitution states that no person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. So the provisions of the Cr. P.C. under section 167 are in direct contrast with the provisions of the constitution. This Cr. P.C. was passed by the British government back in 1898 when there is no fundamental rights as we have now in our constitution. The Indian National Police Commission of 1977 which made meaningful effort to reform the police system had the following to say on the control element â€Å"The crux of police reform in our country today is to secure professional independence for the police to function truly and efficiently as an  impartial agent of the law of the land and at the same time to enable the government to oversee police performance to ensure its conformity to law. But Bangladesh does not take any effort to reform her police department. The major problem for the police in our country is the lack of public confidence in police activities. It has been argued that public confidence in police is integral to social order, economic development and sound economic processes. Citizens view the quality of police service as an indicator of the quality of the government. Police who are untrustworthy create fear and anxiety. 1.3. Objectives of the study This research is mainly built for academic purpose. Its aim is to see what the perception of people about police corruption is. How they react to it and what reasons they identified for police corruption in Bangladesh. Specifically, the objectives of this research are as below: I. To see the nature of contemporary police corruption in Bangladesh. II. To find out the causes of police corruption. III. To see the patterns of police corruption. 1.4. Importance of the study Recently most police research was carried out by academics in a variety of disciplines, including Sociology, Law, Psychology and Economics. Criminology and Police Science (CPS) is a new and unique concept in Bangladesh. It is very important to conduct an academic research on the nature and causes of police corruption from this department. The study of the nature and causes of police corruption in Bangladesh is important for the following reasons: Firstly: the police are a citizen’s first link with the criminal justice. Find out the nature of police corruption is very much important to know about current police corruption. Secondly: it is very important for taking stapes to remove police corruption of Bangladesh. Thirdly: it is very  important for increasing public awareness about police activities and also for becoming responsible of police about their activities. Fourthly: it will help the government to take the necessary measures for preventing police corruption in Bangladesh. Research questions of the study I. What is the nature of contemporary police corruption? II. What are the causes of police corruption? III. What should we do to reduce Police corruption? Chapter-Two 2.1. Review of the literature of the Study: Pitts, (1999); In a CSCE News Release from Uzbekistan, Pitts stated â€Å"No democratic state can ever justify what reliable reports tell us about continuing torture, extorted confessions, or the planting the false evidence. Even in circumstances where a genuine threat exists to the well being of the state, rule of law and due process norms must be followed in order to insure that human rights are protected.† Sutherland (1697); The term police refer primarily to agents of the state whose function is the maintenance of law and order and the enforcement of regular criminal code. It is clear from the definition that the police force is directly related to the state government. The nature and characteristics of police expresses the nature of the government. Hagan, John (1986); Police has directed at preserving and reproducing security and order by particular means. Kobler (1980) has dramatized how ominous the police use of force can be. This research begins by noting that the police are the representatives of governmental authority who in the ordinary course of events legally are permitted to use force against citizens. It may be  evaluated differently by people with varying social interests, positions and values. Westly found in the course of his research that the police regard the public as their enemy, feeling that the demands of their occupation set them in conflict with the community. Police Regulation of Bengal (PRB); Regulation 33(a) of the Police Regulation of Bengal says, â€Å"No Police force can work successfully unless it wins the respects and good-will of the public and secures its cooperation. All ranks, therefore, while being firm in the execution of their duty, must show forbearance, civility and courtesy towards all classes†. Paranjape, N.V.,(2005); But it is unfortunate that in our society police is looked with fear, suspicion and distrust by the people. This public apathy towards the police demoralizes them to such an extent that policeman lose self-confidence and are hesitant firm step to violations of law because of apprehension of public criticism. Another potential cause which shatters public confidence on police is the increasing interference of politicians in the working of the police. The political pressure and compromises by the police officials are bound to make them corrupt, dishonest and inefficient. The police as a governmental organization has to serve two masters- one political head and the other departmental head. Politicians often consider police as their tool to meet their selfish ends and therefore oblige police personnel by rewarding them in various ways. The superior-subordinate relationship in police organization is guided by the principle, â€Å"lick the above and kick the below†. Such mentality is the characteristic of authoritarian superiors and their dominance over subordinates. Nurul Huda, former IGP, (2005); The reality, unfortunately, on ground is different from the legal process in Bangladesh. Before we venture to find out the causes of those behavioral aberrations that have a substantial bearing on the crime and order situation, we may list the deviations that are existing in our country: Misbehavior with complainants: There is a virtual absence of service orientation and many policemen fail to realize that the complainant at the police station is often an aggrieved person much like a patient who goes to the doctor, and any misbehavior with him would be construed as nothing short of demonic brutality. Other misbehavior: Verbal abuse and ill-treatment while on patrolling duty, harassment of innocent relatives during arrest, roughing up inmates during house search, ill-treatment of traffic violators, unnecessary pushing around during VIP protection and security arrangements cause a great deal of public discontent. Illegal detention: Several persons are rounded up supposedly as suspects and detained for longer period in the lock up. There are instances of innocent persons falling into the clutches of erratic policeman. Custodial violence: Perpetration of third degree torture on suspects in police custody is taken as a matter of routine by many policemen Excessive custodial violence has resulted into deaths. Crime and corruption done by police: There have been cases in which policemen associating themselves in crimes like rape, robbery, and extortion are on the rise. Although corruption is a malaise that has afflicted our society as a whole, corruption in police has an extremely deleterious implication for their overall image for two important reasons: one, being in uniform the corrupt policemen immediately catches public attention and two, since the complainant the police deal with is often a person with a grievance any corrupt demand imposed on him. Ram Ahuja (1996); People who fall in the clutches of the police generally complain of brutal behavior of the police towards them either at the time of arrest during interrogation or while in the police lock-up. Some of the common practices of policemen reportedly are: use of abusive language or degrading epithets, compelling suspect / accused / offenders to obey all orders, asking  embarrassing questions in the street, carrying out bodily searches on false pretexts and appropriating offenders money and belongings (wrist-watch etc.), repeated prodding with thick stick, holding out threats of violence if not obeyed and the actual use of physical force. The use of verbal abuse, insulting behavior, and physical violence on the part of the policemen arouses deep hostility against police. Many accused complain that they were interrogated by the police without sufficient evidence of accusation. Those who refuse to confess are often tortured or threatened to torture. A good number of accused persons in the courts that confessions from them were obtained not by the use of physical brutality but psychological cruelty like holding out a threat to criminally assault the accused person’s sister, or daughter, or wife, to arrest his old father or mother, to level additional charges of crimes against him and so forth. Lawrence Sherman (1974); Police corruption means accepting money or money’s worth for doing something that a policeman is under a duty to do or to exercise legitimate discretion for improper reason. Sherman has talked of three forms of police corruption: a) one form of corruption is that in which only a few isolated policeman accept bribes. b) the second form of corruption is that in which a large number of officers (lower and higher ranks) take bribes but they are not joined together to form networks of corruptions. c) the third form of police corruption is pervasive organized corruption. In this type, corruption is organized in a hierarchical authoritarian fashion. Many citizens are primarily frightened by crime, especially crime involving a sudden violent attack by a stranger. (Wilson & Kelling, 1982). People expect that police will save them from being victim of crime. But in our country many crime victims never call the police for various reasons such as: a) don’t believe that police can help them i.e., many believe that calling the police make no difference since police can neither capture the offender nor recover stolen property; b) cause too much inconvenience i.e. fear of harassment by the police; c) they are corrupt and would not help the victim without paying bribe to them. (Kashem, 2001). Vadackumchery, James (1997); There exists a feeling among the general public that the police does anything and many things with crime-doers for proving the guilt against them. The police can do so because they get the protection of law to do certain things they want to be done. For instance, if a policeman mishandles a crime doer in his custody, he can do so in complete isolation -away from the public visibility. The police have established a tradition. They were involving in informal arrests, illegal detention, torturing of suspects, concocting of evidence in criminal cases even before the Torture Commission was appointed in 1855. This long existed history created a tradition in which the people were conditioned to suffer and suffer eternally what the police did with crime-doers .Until recently and even today, people including the educated in society have been feeling that police can informally arrest people and detain them in their custody.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. The press is also more vigilant in this matter than it was earlier. Kashem, (2004); In a series of studies Kashem (2000, 2001, 2002) reports that the general public is dissatisfied with the quality of police work. On the average, between 80 and 85 percent of the citizens of Bangladesh believe that police are not doing good job and rate police work is extremely poor. Another study by Kashem (2002) also found that the level of politeness of police is very low. Sharma (1985); Sharma finds hostility or ruthless criticism of police efficiency and that police cases mostly fail because of the lack of public cooperation. The nature of policing in our country is reactive rather than proactive. So it is the citizens of the community, and not the police, who assume the initiating role in much modern police work. (Hagar, 1985). If people don’t believe as well as cooperate police, then how a good policing will be expected? James A. Inciardi, (2005); Misconduct by police officers in the forms of illegal activities for economics gain and accepting gratuities, favors, or payment for services  that police are sworn to carry out as part of their peacekeeping role. ree or discount meals are available to police officers in many American cities. Police officers have numerous opportunities to direct individuals to persons who can assist them for a profit. Police can also receive fees for referring arrested suspects to bail bond agents and defense attorney, (Kickbacks). Police officers accepting money from citizens in lieu of enforcing the law,(shakedowns). Involvement of police in predatory criminal activities, either directly or through complicity with criminals,(Planned theft and robbery). Police have numerous opportunities to pilfer valuable items. Typically involves jewelry and other goods from the scene of a burglary or from a suspect,(Opportunistic theft). 2.2. The Conceptual Framework of the study Police corruption Causes of police corruption Nature of police corruption Low salary Bribes Power Kickbacks Personal gain Gratuities Poverty Shakedowns Lack of morality Theft of property Falsifying evidence Political pressure Abuse of power The police are a citizen’s first link with the criminal justice. When a crime occurs, the police are usually the first agents of the state to become involved. But the police also abuse their power for fulfill illegal desire. They commit various types of corruption, these are: bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, theft of property, falsifying evidence and shakedowns etc. The police officer do these corruptions for some of the main reason such as low salary, political pressure, personal gain, greediness, lack of morality, poverty of availability of bad money etc. 2.3. Theoretical framework of the study One prominent sociological approach to understanding police behavior is based on the premises that police behavior is influenced by the social dynamics of police-citizen encounters. For example, Donald Black’s sociological theory of law holds that the â€Å"quantity of law† is influenced by the social attributes of concerned parties -victims and suspects, or plaintiff and defendants, as well as the agents of social control themselves. From this theoretical perspective, situational factors (Sherman 1980a) are the cues on which officers form judgments about how incidents should be handled. The key theoretical influences are symbolic internationalism and labeling perspective, which saw policing as an important process in shaping the patter of deviance through the exercise of discretion. (Reiner, Robert 2001). The deviant behavior of police comes to people’s sight when they interact with people. This interaction may occur through newspapers. Organizational explanation (blue curtain theory): Organizational explanation have shown that corrupt behavior arise through the development of an informal structure within the police department, an infrastructure that provides an officer with the opportunity to not only break the rules but also a transgression that is encouraged and supported by a sub-cultural code of beliefs. It is a set of informal norms that can be followed by police officers when they encounter an occupational uncertainty. These informal norms may be characterized as code of silence, unquestioned loyalty to other officers, and cynicism about the criminal justice system. The so-called blue curtain of silence – the refusal of officers to testify against other officers – is one of the major factors protecting and maintaining police corruption. Again, the most important organizational variable is leadership: the quality of management and supervision. Corruption flourishes in departments that tolerate it. Individual officers are more likely to succumb if they believe they won’t be caught or, if caught, punishment will not be severe imposed by the organization. Individual officer explanation (rotten-apple theory): Individual explanations acknowledge that a small number of police officers were responsible for a disproportionate number of acts of police misconduct. This explanation points toward a predisposition on the part of the officer as pivotal, rather than the officer being lured into wrongdoing. Whether a police officer chooses to engage in corrupt behavior has more to do with his or her personal benefit from an act than a submissive affinity for the deviant infrastructure. In other words, the corrupt officers consciously exercise discretion to engage in prohibited conduct. In most cases, officers who are engaged in corruption have a previous record of misconduct. Only officers having a moral degradation pursue to be corrupted. This theory is appealing because it emphasizes the moral failings of one or more individuals, provides convenient scapegoats, and avoids dealing with more difficult issues. It also points in the direction of simple remedy. Psychological approach highlights variations among officers in their behavioral dispositions, variation that is observed by the sociological approach. This perspective directs attention to the outlooks and personality traits that presumably produce different responses to similar situations by different officers. From this theoretical perspective, officers who are the  most likely to use force could be expected to (a) conceive the police role in narrow terms, limited to crime-fighting and law enforcement, (b) believe that this role is more effectively carried out when officers can use force at their discretion, and (c) regard the citizenry as unappreciative at best and hostile and abusive at worse. Chapter-Three 3.1. Research Methodology Methodology is a system of explicit rules and procedures upon which research is based and against which claims for knowledge are evaluated. Methodology contains the overall process of a study. This study shows a property-disposition relationship among the variables. Here property means the individual respondents and disposition is the perception of people towards police corruption. This research is mainly primary research. This research is also a quantitative research. Quantitative research is that research which is studied depending on the quantitative data. 4.2. Field selection Delduar thana of Tangail district was selected as the field of the study. In this area crime rate is high for the last few years so this area had been selected to collect expected data from the respondents. Some of the major union of this thana had been selected as the field of this research so that these area can represent the thana well. 3.3. Population and Sample Selection The entire set of relevant units of analysis, or data, is called the population. In this research the selected populations were very much involved with daily life activities and had idea about police activities. Because all of them was victims of police corruption somehow in their life. The sample was selected purposively from the population. Respondents who were willing to respond the questions noted in the questionnaire and who had  available time to give necessary information. Data were collected from 33 (thirty-three) respondents. Although thirty three (33) respondents is not enough for this study but these respondents expresses the overall situation of the area about this research well. So the sample size was very small (33). 3.4. Data Collection Methods and Techniques Survey method was used in this research for data collection. Face to face question interview was applied for the collection of data. A questionnaire schedule was obtained with some questions. Then the respondents were asked those questions to answer. The answers given by the respondents were noted in the questionnaire form. 3.5. Data Processing and Analysis The collected data were coded carefully for analysis. This processing (included coding) was done with the help of Microsoft excel SPSS program through computer. Several levels of statistical analysis are performed in conducting analysis stage. Frequency tables (i.e. frequency distribution) are made for univariate analysis. Cross table are made for the bivariate analysis. 3.6. Working Definition of the study Police: Police refers to state organizations employing professionals who are trained and equipped as specialists in policing who has the authority to enforce and maintain law. Corruption: The illegal commission or omission of an act which violate law is called corruption. Corruption is infringement of expectations of norms and rules. Police corruption: Herman Goldstein defines police corruption as â€Å"acts involving the misuse of authority by a police officer in a manner designed to produce personal gain for himself or for others†. Police corruption means  the deviation of police from their expected legal duties. Victim: A victim is a person who suffers from something. Here a victim is a person who is victimized by police for corruption. Chapter-Four 4. Research Findings Selected area for the present research is Delduar Thana of Tangail District. The sample size is very small. However, they have experienced many experiences during the interaction with police. Consequently, they also have a perception of their own about the police. Here the information given by respondents of the study are noted below: 4.1. Factual Information of the Respondent s Univariate Analysis Table-4.1: Age of the respondents Age limit(years)| Frequency| Percent| Cumulative frequency| 20-25| 9| 27.27| 9| 26-30| 7| 21.21| 16| 31-35| 4| 12.12| 20| 36-40| 4| 12.12| 24| 41-45| 6| 18.18| 30| 46-50| 3| 9.09| 33| Total| 33| 100| | This table-4.1, shows the age of the respondents ranges from 20 to 50 years. Most of the respondents age are less then 36. Maximum, that means 27.27 percent (28.8%) respondents belong in 20-25 (years) age-group. Moreover, the age of the respondents are normally distributed. But the number of having the age more than 46 years is very few. Table-4.2: Years of schooling of the respondents Years of schooling| Frequency| Percent| 05| 6| 18.18| 06| 2| 6.06| 07| 1| 3.03| 08| 2| 6.06| 10| 7| 21.21| 11| 1| 3.03| 12| 3| 9.09| 15| 5| 15.15| 16| 4| 12.12| 17| 2| 6.06| Total| 33| 100| Table-4.2 Shows that, the years of schooling of the respondent ranges from 05 to 17 (Primary to Masters). Here years of schooling 5 means Primary, 10 means S.S.C, 12 means H.S.C, 16 means Bachelor Degree and 17 means Masters. The maximum, in presentence is 21.21 percent (21.21%) respondents years of schooling are 10 (S.S.C), 9.090 percent (9.09%) respondents years of school are 12 (H.S.C). Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) respondents years of schooling are 17 (Masters). Table-4.3: Income of the respondents Income limit| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| 2000-4500| 12| 12| 36.36| 4501-6000| 4| 16| 12.12| 6001-8500| 7| 23| 21.21| 8501-12000| 6| 29| 18.18| 12001-14500| 2| 31| 6.06| 14501-18000| 2| 33| 6.06| Total| 33| | 100| From this table we see that income of the respondents ranges from Tk. 2000 to 16000. About 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondent’s income between Tk. 2000 to 4500, And then about 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents income between Tk.4501 to 6000, 21.21 percent (21.21%) respondents income between Tk. 6001 to 8500, 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondent income between Tk. 8501 to 12000, 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents income Tk. 12001 to 18000. So, maximum respondents’ income limits 2000 to 4500 Tk. Table-4.4: Occupation of the respondents Occupation| Frequency| Percent (%)| Cumulative frequency| Public service| 2| 6.06%| 2| Private service| 5| 15.15%| 7| Business| 13| 39.39%| 20| Labor| 11| 33.33%| 31| Student| 2| 6.06%| 33| Total| 33| 100%| | From the above table-4.4 we see that 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents have public service, 15.15 percent (15.15%) of the respondents are involve in private service, 39.39 percent (39.39%) of the respondent are businessman, 33.33 percent (33.33%) of the respondents are labor and 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents are student. The highest amount is occupied by the respondents, who are involved with business. Figure-4.1. Knowledge of the respondents about state law The figure-4.1 shows that maximum, that mean 51.51 percent (51.51%) of the respondents have less knowledge about state law. 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondents have no knowledge about state law and about 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents have much knowledge about state law. Table-4.5: Knowledge of the respondents about human right Knowledge level| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| Much| 6| 6| 18.18| Less| 13| 19| 39.39| Not at all| 14| 33| 42.42| Total| 33| | 100| Figure-4.2. knowledge of the respondents about human right The above table-4.5 and figure-4.2 show that, 42.42 percent (42.42%) of the respondents have no knowledge about human right. 39.39 percent (39.39%) of the respondents have less knowledge about human right. 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondents have much knowledge human right. Figure-4.3. Knowledge of the respondent about police law The figure-4.3 shows that maximum that mean 60.60 percent (60.60%) of the respondents have no knowledge about police law. 36.36 percent (36.36%) of the respondents have less knowledge about the police law and only 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents have high knowledge about police law. Table-4.6: Attitude of the respondent towards police. Attitude| Frequency| Percent| Cumulative frequency| Good| 4| 12.12| 4| Bad| 23| 69.69| 27| No idea| 6| 18.18| 33| Total| 33| 100| | Figure-4.4. Attitude of the respondent towards police. The table-4.6 and figure-4.4, show that the attitudes of the maximum, that mean 69.69 percent (69.69%) of the respondents towards police are bad. Only 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondent’s attitudes towards police are good and 18.18 percent (18.18%) of the respondents have no idea. Table-4.7: Believe of the respondents about â€Å"police are corrupted†. Police are corrupted| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| Yes| 31| 31| 93.93| No| 2| 33| 6.06| Total| 33| | 100| Figure-4.5. Believe of the respondents about â€Å"police are corrupted† The table-4.7 and figure-4.5 show that 93.93 percent (93.93%) of the respondents believe that â€Å"police are corrupted†. That means maximum respondents believe that â€Å"police are corrupted†. Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents not believe that â€Å"police are corrupted†. Table-4.8: Facing corruption of police by the respondents at police station. Faced corruption| Frequency| Percent| Cumulative frequency| Yes| 31| 93.939| 33| No| 2| 6.060| 33| Total| 33| 100.00| | Figure-4.6. Facing corruption of police by the respondents at police station The above table-4.8 and figure-4.6 show that maximum respondents faced corruption of police at police station; in percentage 93.93 percent (93.93%) of the respondents faced corruption of police at police station. Only 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents are not faced corruption of police at police station. Table-4.9: Nature of corruption faced outside of the police station Nature of corruption| Frequency| Cumulative frequency| Percent| Gratuities| 3| 3| 9.090| Bribes| 22| 25| 66.666| Theft of property| 1| 26| 3.030| Falsifying evidence| 4| 30| 12.121| Kickbacks| 2| 32| 6.060| Shakedowns| 1| 33| 3.030| Total| 33| | 100.00| Figure-4.7. Nature of police corruption outside of the police station The table-4.9 and figure-4.7 show that maximum respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption; in percentage 66.66 percent (66.66%) of the respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption. About 9.09 percent (9.09%) of the respondents faced â€Å"gratuities† as a police corruption. And about 3.03 percent (3.03%) of the respondents faced, theft of property and shakedowns† as police corruption. 12.12 percent (12.12%) of the respondents faced â€Å"Falsifying evidence† as a police corruption and 6.06 percent (6.06%) of the respondents faced â€Å"kickbacks† as police corruption. Figure-4.8. Causes of producing corruption by police outside of the police station The figure-4.8 shows that, in maximum time low salary is the main causes of police corruption. In percentage 39.39 percent (39.39%) respondents said that low salary is the main cause of police corruption. 6.060 percent (6.06%) said lack of morality is a cause of police corruption. 9.09 percent (9.09%) of respondents said power of the police is a cause of police corruption. 3.03 percent (3.03%) of the respondents said greediness is a cause of police corruption. 18.18 percent (18.18%) said personal gain is a cause of police corruption. And about 24.2 percent (24.24%) said political pressure is the another main cause of police corruption. Table-4.10: Nature of corruption faced at police station. Nature of police corruption| Frequency| Percent (%)| Gratuities| 02| 06.06%| Bribes| 18| 54.55%| Theft of property| 03| 09.09%| Falsifying evidence| 04| 12.12%| Kickbacks| 03| 09.09%| Shakedowns| 03| 09.09%| Total| 33| 100%| The table-4.10 shows that maximum respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption; in percentage 54.55% respondents faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption. About 09.09% respondents faced theft of property, kickbacks and shakedown as police corruption at police station separately 12.12% respondents faced â€Å"falsifying evidence† as a police corruption. And about 06.06% respondents faced â€Å"gratuities, as police corruption at police station and it is minimum percentage of police corruption faced by respondents at police station. Table-4.11: Causes of producing corruption by police at police station. Causes of police corruption| Frequency| Percent (%)| Low salary| 21| 63.64%| Lack of morality| 02| 06.06%| power| 03| 09.09%| greediness| 01| 03.03%| Personal gain| 04| 12.12%| Political party pressure| 02| 06.06%| Total| 33| 100.00%| The table-4.11 shows that, in maximum times police are corrupted for their lower salary. About 63.64 percent (63.64%) police corruptions are occurred at police station for low salary of the police personnel in our country. On the other hand minimum police corruption is occurred at the police station for the greediness of the police in percentage is 03.03%. For lack of morality and political party pressure is 06.06%. for personal gain is 12.12% and for police’s power is 09.09% police corruptions are occurred at police station. Table-4.12: Facing police corruption after arrest Faced corruption| Frequency| Percent (%)| Yes| 23| 92.00%| No| 02| 08.00%| Total| 25| 100.00%| This table-4.12 shows that maximum respondents faced corruption of police after being arrested by police; in percentage 92% respondents faced corruption of police after arrest. Only 8% respondents are not faced corruption of police after arrest. Table-4.13: Nature of corruption faced after arrest by the respondents Nature| Frequency| Percent (%)| Gratuities| 01| 04.35%| Bribes| 13| 56.52%| Theft of property| 02| 08.70%| Falsifying evidence| 03| 13.04%| Kickbacks| 02| 08.70%| Shakedowns| 02| 08.70%| Total| 23| 100.00%| This table-4.13 shows that maximum respondents faced bribes as a police corruption after arrest; in percentage 56.52% respondents faced bribes as a police corruption after being arrested. About 13.04% respondents faced falsifying evidence, 04.35% respondents faced gratuities and 08.70% faced theft of property, kickbacks and shakedowns, as a police corruption arrest. So minimum respondents faced gratuities as police corruption and in percentage is 04.35%. Table-4.14: Causes of police corruption after arrest Causes| Frequency| Percent (%)| Low salary| 14| 60.86%| Lack of morality| 01| 04.35%| Power | 02| 08.70%| Greediness | 01| 04.35%| Personal gain| 03| 13.04%| Political party pressure| 02| 08.70%| Total| 23| 100.00%| The table-4.14 shows that, maximum police corruptions at police station are produced by the police personnel for their lower salary and in percentage 60.86%. On the other hand the lowest police corruption is produced for lack of morality and greediness of the police. 13.04 percent (13.04%) police corruption is occurred for personal gain and power, political party pressure is responsible for 08.70% police corruption after arrest. Bivariate Analysis Cross Table Cross table-1: Nature of corruption faced outside of the police station vs. Causes of producing corruption by police outside of police station Outside of the police station| Causes of producing corruption by police outside of police station| Total| | Low salary| Lack of morality| power| greediness| Personal gain| Political party pressure| | Nature  of corruption faced outside of the police station| Gratuities| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 01, 3.03%| 03, 9.09%| | Bribes| 08, 24.24%| 01, 3.03%| 02, 6.06%| 00, 0%| 05,15.15%| 06, 18.18%| 22, 66.66%| | Theft of property| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| | Falsifying evidence| 02, 6.06%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 04, 12.12%| | Kickbacks| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 02, 6.06%| | Shakedowns| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 0, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| Total | 13, 39.39%| 02, 6.06%| 03, 9.09%| 01, 3.03%| 06,18.18%| 08, 24.24%| 33, 100%| This cross table-1 shows that maximum respondents were faced â€Å"bribes† as a police corruption outside of the police station, in these cases the low salary was main reason for the police corruption. In percentage it is 24.24% Cross table-2: Nature of corruption faced at the police station vs. Causes of producing corruption by police at police station Outside of the police station| Causes of producing corruption by police at police station| Total| | Low salary| Lack of morality| power| greediness| Personal gain| Political party pressure| | Nature of corruption faced at the police station| Bribes| 14, 42.42%| 00, 0%| 02, 06.06%| 00, 0%| 02, 06.06%| 00, 0%| 18, 54.55%| | Gratuities| 01, 03.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 03.03%| 00,0%| 00, 0%| 2, 06.06%| | Theft of property| 02, 06.06%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 03, 09.09%| | Falsifying evidence| 02, 6.06%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 3.03%| 04, 12.12%| | Kickbacks| 01, 3.03%| 01, 03.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 01, 03.03%| 03, 09.09%| | Shakedowns| 01, 3.03%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 02, 06.06%| 00, 0%| 03, 09.09%| Total | 21, 39.39%| 02, 6.06%| 03, 09.09%| 01, 03.03%| 04,18.18%| 02, 24.24%| 33, 100%| This cross table-2 shows that maximum respondents were corrupted by the police at the police station for taking bribes from them and the low salary is the main reason for being corrupted of the respondents by the police at  police station and in percentage it is 42.42%. So at police station the main nature of police corruption is bribe and it is more than outside of the station. Cross table-3: Facing corruption of police after arrest vs. causes of producing corruption by police after arrest. After arrest| Causes of police corruption after arrest| Total| | Low salary| Lack of morality| power| greediness| Personal gain| Political party pressure| | Facing corruption of police after arrest| Yes| 14, 60.86%| 01, 04.35%| 02, 08.70%| 01, 04.35%| 03, 13.04%| 02, 08.70%| 23, 100%| | No| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| 00, 0%| Total| 14, 60.86%| 01, 04.35%| 02, 08.70%| 01, 04.35%| 03, 13.04%| 02, 08.70%| 23, 100%| This cross table shows that maximum respondents were faced police corruption after arrest for the low salary of the police. About 60.86 percent (60.86%) respondents were being corrupted by the police after arrest for sol salary. Chapter-Five 5. Case studies 5.1. Case study: 01 Khokon was a student of Pathrail M.L. High School, Delduar, Tangail. He did court marriage a Hindu girls. He was a child of a middle class family and the girl was a child of a high class Hindu family. The girl was willing for the court marriage but the girls family wasn’t agreed of the marriage. They make a false case of women kidnapping in Delduar Thana and Khokon were responsible for kidnapping their girl. He was made the main criminal for the kidnappimg. One day the police caught Khokon from his house with the girl. They return the girl to her parents after taking a large sum of bribe from the girls family and brought Khokon to Thana. They tortured him very much and after some days the case was dismissed without prosecution in the court. They also demanded and took bribes from Khokon’s family. I took this cases because, I think this cases is a better example of police corruption. The causes of police corruption according to this case is low or small salary, greediness, power of police etc. 5.2. Case study: 02 Mohammad Roton, nick nake Roton 32 years old, is a businessman. He was also a political person. One day he was going to main town for his occupational necessity with the help of his motor-bike. On way, he was stopped by police and asked for his driving license as well as the license of his motor-bike. But at that moment the license of his bike was not with him, though he has no driving license at all. For this he was quite unable to show his licenses. The police demanded money as bribe to Mohammad Roton, instead of booking a case against him. The police officer showed fear to him that if he didn’t pay the money demanded, he would be harassed. For this he was bound to give money instead of going through a legal process. He also has enough bad money From this case, we see that denying law and having bad money increase the opportunity of police corruption. Chapter-Six 6. Summary and Concluding Remarks 6.1 Summary: The police are a citizen’s first link with the criminal justice. But the police abuse their power for fulfill illegal desire. This research finds out the nature of police corruption and the causes of police corruption. General people’s perception towards police is not good. Most of the people believe that police are corrupted. Police exhibit some common types of corruption, these are: bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, theft of property, falsifying evidence, shakedowns and physical torture. The police officer do corruption because of low salary, political pressure, for personal gain, lack of morality, greediness, availability of bad money and their types of job or power of police. 6.2. Concluding Remarks: Though purposive sampling has been used in this research from some of the homogenous cases. So, I think this research find out the nature and causes of Bangladesh police. Most of the general people of our country think that  the police of Bangladesh are corrupted. Bangladesh police is the high corrupted department of Bangladesh government. Bangladesh police are providing low salary and they are not morally strong. Bangladesh police has also political arty pressures, poverty of police personnel mainly who are lower in rank. These inspire them to do corruption. The job nature and power is also a reason for police corruption we see in the study. Police officer mostly takes bribes, kickbacks, gratuities, do physical torture for bribes. This research shows that most police personnel corrupted for taking bribes, physical tortures, falsifying evidences, theft for the suspect, proving information etc. people keep bad idea on police, they think that police are not good person. So to prevent police corruption these reasons have to be removed. The salary of the police personnel have to be increased enough, they have to provide moral education so they do their duties honestly. Public perception on police have to exchanged from bad to good by the police person doing well behave with them. 1.5. Limitations of the study This research has many problems and limitations, such as: I. The hypothesis and some other test such as chai-test, correlation are not shown here. II. In this research purposive sampling has been used so the other population’s opinion was avoided and the sample size was small. III. Sufficient data can’t be found because of want of some other technical method. IV. More questions should be used to collect more effective data about this research topic but the questions were less than needed. 6.3. Bibliography Ahuja, Ram, (1996): Sociological Criminology. New Age International (P) Limited, India. Bohm, Robert M. and Haley, Keith N. (2002): Introduction to Criminal Justice, third edition. Glencoe McGraw-Hill. Frankfort-Nachmias, Chava and Nachmias, David (1997): Research Methods in the Social Sciences, Fifth edition, St. Martin’s Press, lnc., New York. Haque, ANM Nurul. The Ferocity of the Police, In The Daily Star.3rd July, 2006 Hughes, Michael and Kroehler, Carolyn J.(2000): Sociology,6th edition, McGraw-Hill companies, Inc., New York. Huda, Mohammad Nurul. Controlling Crime and All That. In The Daily Star- 29th July,2006. Kashem, Mohammad B.(2002): Preventing Crime: Police and Crime Control in Bangladesh. Khasrul Alam Quddusi, Kazi SM, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration, University of Chittagong. Use of Hartal and Police, In The Daily Star,9th JuIy,2006. Malek, Adam. Police Remand. In The Daily Jugantar, 4th January, 2006. Paranjape, N.V., (2005): Criminology and Penology. Central Law Publication, Allahabad-2, India. Pearson, Judy; Nelson, Paul; Tetsworth, Scott; and Harter, Lynn, (2004): Human Communication. McGraw-Hill Companies, New York. Police Activities: A Study on Three Police Stations, (2004): Transparency International Bangladesh. Putwain, David and Sammons, Aidan (2002): Psychology and Crime. Taylor and Francis Group. Quinney, Richard(1979):Criminology. Little, Brown and Company (Canada) Limited. Reiner, Robert (2001): Introduction: what Is Police Research? In Doing Research in Crime and Criminal Justice. Sanders, William B., (1983): In Criminology, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Schaefer, Richard T., (2004): Sociology: A Brief Introduction, Fifth edition, McGraw Hill Companies, New York. Stotland, Ezra and Berberich, John. (1979): The Psychology of the Police. In Psychology of Crime and Criminal Justice. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In United Nations Civilian Hand book. (1995): United Nations Department of Peace-keeping operation. Vadackumchery, James (1997): Indian Police and Miscarriage of Justice. A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. New Delhi. Wilson, James Q. & Kelling, George L. (1982): Broken Windows. In Atlantic Monthly. In Urban Society, 11th edition. McGraw-Hill company. Worden, Robert E. (2001): The causes of Police Brutality: Theory and Evidence on Police Use of Force. Mawalana Bhashani Science and Technology University Department of Criminology and Police Science. Survey Questionnaire (All the below information only will be used for research purpose. A respondent can answer the following question without any fear or hesitation) 1. Age: (Specific) 2. Gender: (1) Male (2) Female 3. Marital status: (1) Married, (2) Unmarried, (3) Widow. 4. Years of Schooling: (Specific) 5. What is your occupation? (1) Public service, (2) Private Service, (3) Business, (4) Labor. 6. What is your income? (Specific) 7. How much knowledge you have about the State Law? (1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all. 8. How much knowledge you have about the Police Law? (1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all. 9. How much knowledge you have about the Human Right? (1) Very much, (2) Much, (3) Less, (4) Not at all. 10. What is your attitude towards police? (1) Good, (2) Bad, (3) No idea. 11. Are you believed Police are corrupted? (1) Yes, (2) No. 12. If yes, why? Ans. 13. Have you ever been to police station in order to any service? (1) Yes, (2) No. 14. If yes, why? Ans. 15. If yes, did you face any problem at police station? (1) Yes, (2) No. 16. If yes, what types of problem did you face? (1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17. Have you meet with police for any cause? (1) Yes, (2) No. 18. If yes why? Ans. 19. If yes, did you face any problem? (1) Yes, (2) No. 20. If yes, what types of problem did you face? (1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 21. Why did police produce that problem according to your view? 22. Had you ever been arrested by police? (1) Yes, (2) No. 23. If yes, why? Ans. 24. If yes, did you face any problem after arrest? (1) Yes, (2) No. 25. If yes, what types of problem did you face? (1) Gratuities, (2) Bribes, (3) Theft of property, (4) Falsifying evidence, (5) Kickbacks, (6) Shakedowns, (7) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Preparing a Dynamic Lesson Plan in Education

Preparing a Dynamic Lesson Plan in Education A lesson plan is a detailed description of the individual lessons that a teacher plans to teach on a given day. A lesson plan is developed by a teacher to guide instruction throughout the day. It is a method of planning and preparation. A lesson plan traditionally includes the name of the lesson, the date of the lesson, the objective the lesson focuses on, the materials that will be used, and a summary of all the activities that will be used. Furthermore, lesson plans provide a terrific set of guidelines for substitute teachers. Lesson Plans Are the Foundation of Teaching Lesson plans are the teachers equivalent of a blueprint for a construction project. Unlike construction, where there is an architect, construction manager, and a myriad of construction workers involved, there is often only one teacher. They design lessons with a purpose and then use them to carry out the instruction to construct skilled, knowledgeable students. Lesson plans guide the daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly instruction within a classroom. Dynamic lesson planning is time-consuming, but effective teachers will tell you that it lays the foundation for student success.   Teachers who fail to put in the proper time to plan accordingly short change themselves and their students. The time invested in lesson planning is well worth any investment as students are more engaged, classroom management is improved, and student learning naturally increases.   Lesson planning is most effective when it is focused on the short-term while always being mindfully aware of the long term.   Lesson planning must be sequential in building skills. Primary skills must be introduced first while eventually building to more complex skills.   In addition, teachers should keep a tiered checklist allowing them to keep track of what skills have been introduced to give them guidance and direction. Lesson planning must be focused and tied to district and/or state standards. Standards simply give teachers a general idea of what is supposed to be taught. They are very broad in nature. Lessons plans must be more specialized, targeting specific skills, but also including the methodology for how those skills are introduced and taught.   In lesson planning, how you teach the skills is as important to plan as the skills themselves. Lesson planning can serve as a running checklist for teachers to keep track of what and when standards and skills have been taught. Many teachers keep lesson plans organized in a binder or a digital portfolio that they are able to access and review at any time.   A lesson plan should be an ever-shifting document that teacher is always looking to improve upon.   No lesson plan should be viewed as perfect, but instead as something that can always be better. Key Components of a Lesson Plan 1. Objectives - The objectives are the specific goals that the teacher wants students to obtain from the lesson. 2. Introduction/Attention Grabber - Every lesson should start with a component that introduces the topic in such a way that the audience is drawn in and wants more. 3. Delivery - This describes how the lesson will be taught and includes the specific skills students need to learn. 4. Guided Practice - Practice problems worked out with assistance from the teacher. 5. Independent Practice - Problems a student does on their own with little to no assistance. 6. Required Materials/Equipment - A list of materials and/or the technology needed to complete the lesson. 7. Assessment/Extension Activities - How the objectives will be assessed and a list of additional activities to continue to build on the stated objectives. Lesson planning can take on a whole new life when.......... teachers include opportunities for differentiated instruction. Varying instruction according to strengths and weaknesses is essential in todays classroom. Teachers must account for this in their planning to ensure that each student is getting what they need to grow.teachers create lessons plans that include cross-curricular themes. Components such as math and science may be taught in conjunction with one another. Art or music elements may be included in an English lesson. A central theme, such as weather may be used to across all content and curriculum.teachers work together to create lesson plans as a team.   The melding of the minds can make lesson plans more effective and can save time for everyone involved.

One sentence of life

One sentence of life One’s life sentence is  miraculous  and is full of pain, sacrifice, forgetting what is staining towards what is ahead, rather than focusing on what tears ones life  down. One tries to concentrate on those things that  build  them up.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on One sentence of life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This page is to  establish  how everyone’s life can be described in a short sentence. It also describes how they can  get  there. For example, if one wants to become a millionaire, one needs to reprogram his/her mind and believe that he/she deserve to become wealthy. Individuals who became millionaires with some of their  advice  for achieving success of their culture: â€Å"Fake it until you  make  it†. Debts  hold  people back, buy liabilities, and make those payments forever, spend less than they make, live a modest  lifestyle  and do not live up to every raise. Some people spend their wealth for the next ten years,  and  they have done it on  credit. This is a case where, being a millionaire is not encouraged by anyone. However, it is a matter of choices. It is not suggesting one to decorate his/her houses in  cosy  furniture,  fabulous  TV and macaroni and cheese every night.  Do they actually  need  to  buy  a car that is so expensive, that they extend  the payments for many  years? Many people who  choose  money over â€Å"stuff† would not  consider  spending it on the most  valuable  things because they know that their money can be of better use elsewhere.  Liability buying would cause them stress since they would rather buy an  asset  that will  appreciate  for a long  period  and help them  earn  investments.  In addition, some savers think that spending a lot of money on vacations is ridiculous. Paring it all  down, there are seven steps on how to become wealthy. The fact is, being wealthy is not being a â€Å"millionaire†. Financial  independence  is the  goal  for many people,  says Stewart Welch of the Welch  group  in Birmingham Ala. Develop a  wealth  plan. Live below your means, lay off the credit,  make  your money work,  start  your own business, and  get  professional  advice. This will boost investing money which is a leading way to become a millionaire. That is the point in time when the  money  from investments is either equal to or greater than what they  earn  from work. The statistics show that 95% of the  population  never achieves financial independence. For 65% of the retirees, social security is their largest source of retirement income. The reason why people do not achieve financial independence is that  they  do not have any plan,  so that is number one rule of becoming wealthy.Advertising Looking for essay on rhetoric? Let's see if we can h elp you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Saying one wants to become wealthy is not strong enough. One needs to come up with a written plan. It forces one to do something,  calculate  what they  need  to  earn  and  invest. The plan is not just a  goal  .It also includes ones dreams and options in life. It helps one make the right decisions and avoid misuse of money. However, it would be  agreeable  to say that,  anyone can become a millionaire,  but  the truth  is that,  anyone  who is  willing  to  effect real change in their lives and  take  serious  action  towards their goals are going to  make  it. Being a millionaire lies in the hands of the beholder.

How to Get Your CDL in Tennessee and South Dakota

How to Get Your CDL in Tennessee and South Dakota If you live in Tennessee or South Dakota and want to learn about getting a CDL, this article will guide you through the process. For information on all other states, TheJobNetwork has put together a great guide on applying for a CDL in all states. TennesseeThe following people need to apply for a CDL:Operators of any vehicle or combination of vehicles weighing more than 26,000 pounds.Anyone transporting hazardous materialsAnyone transporting more than  15 passengers including the driverAnyone operating a  vehicle used as a school busCDL applicants must bring the following documents when applying for a license:a valid DOT Medical Cardproof of a  Social Security Numbera Tennessee driver’s license or ID, or a valid driver license or CDL from another state.proof (2 documents) of domicile in Tennesseeproof of U.S. Citizenship or Lawful Permanent Resident StatusObtaining a CDL learner’s permitTo obtain a permit, you must take and pass the CDL general knowledge test. Dri ver Service Centers throughout the state offer this   and the knowledge tests for any endorsement needed.Knowledge TestYou will need to take a  knowledge test or tests, depending on what class of license and what endorsements you need.The general knowledge test is taken by all applicants.The passenger transport test is taken by all bus driver applicants.The air brakes test is taken if your vehicle has air brakes, including air over hydraulic brakes.The combination vehicles test is required if you want to drive combination vehicles.The hazardous materials test is required if you want to haul hazardous materials as defined in 49 CFR 383.5.The tanker test is required if you want to haul a liquid or liquid gas in a permanently mounted cargo tank rated at 119 gallons or more or a portable tank rated at 1,000 gallons or more.The doubles/triples test is required if you want to pull double or triple trailers.The school bus test is required if you want to drive a school bus.Skills TestsI f you pass the required knowledge test(s), you can take the CDL skills tests, which include  pre-trip inspection, basic vehicle control, and on-road driving.The pre-trip inspection test involves a pre-trip vehicle inspection on your own vehicle. You will be tested to see if you know whether your vehicle is safe to drive, and explain to the examiner what you would inspect and why.The basic vehicle control part tests your skill controlling the vehicle. You will be asked to move your vehicle forward, backward, and turn it within a defined area.The on-road test asks you  to safely drive your vehicle in a variety of traffic situations. The situations may include left and right turns, intersections, railroad crossings, curves, up and down grades, single or multi-lane roads, streets, or highways.South DakotaYou must have a South Dakota CDL to operate:A single vehicle with a GVWR of 26,001+ poundsA trailer with a GVWR of 10,001+ pounds if the gross combination weight rating is 26,001 or more pounds.A vehicle designed to transport 16+ people (including the driver)Any size vehicle that  requires hazardous materials placards or is carrying material listed as a select agent or toxinThe following people cannot get  a South Dakota CDL:Anyone  under the age of 18Anyone who has a license under suspension, revocation, cancellation, or disqualificationAnyone who isn’t a resident of South DakotaAnyone  who has accumulated child support arrearages of $1,000 or moreCommercial Drivers Learner’s Permit (CLP)You can obtain a CLP  if you are  at least 18 years old and hold a valid Class 1 or Class 2 operator’s license. A  CLP is valid for no more than 180 days from the date of issuance and may be renewed once in the 1-year period from the issuance date for an additional 180 days without requiring the CLP holder to retake the general and specialized knowledge tests.A 14 day waiting period is required between the issue date of the CLP and to the da te it can be converted to a CDL.Obtaining  a CDLAfter passing the required knowledge test(s), you can be issued a CLP and then take the CDL skills tests. Your CLP must contain all endorsements and restrictions necessary to complete the skills test. There are three types of general skills that will be tested: pre-trip inspection, basic vehicle control, and on-road driving. You must take these tests in the type of vehicle for which you wish to be licensed.The pre-trip inspection test involves a pre-trip vehicle inspection on your own vehicle. You will be tested to see if you know whether your vehicle is safe to drive, and explain to the examiner what you would inspect and why.The basic vehicle control part tests your skill controlling the vehicle. You will be asked to move your vehicle forward, backward, and turn it within a defined area.The on-road test asks you  to safely drive your vehicle in a variety of traffic situations. The situations may include left and right turns, inte rsections, railroad crossings, curves, up and down grades, single or multi-lane roads, streets, or highways.

Analysis of Claude Levi Strauss's Books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of Claude Levi Strauss's Books - Essay Example According to Levi-Strauss, â€Å"Heterogeneous beliefs and customs have been arbitrarily collected together under the heading of totemism.† There were many scholars who became supporters of totemism when they tried to decode the secrets of evolution. Levi-Strauss supported the anti-totemic school together with other anthropologists such as Goldenweiser and Boas. They believed that totemism was just a social historical reality. He concluded that totemism is just an exercise in logic of the savage mind. It is not the start of vast accomplishment of savage ancestors to form the first unit of social organization. In the book, Levi-Strauss also compared the Bricoleur and Engineer.. Bricoleur comes from the French verb bricoler which originally meant extraneous movements in ball games, hunting, gun firing, but now referred to repairing things by one’s self. The Engineer was referred by Levi-Strauss as the proper craftsman. According to Levi-Strauss, there is a difference betw een the two. Engineer sees things in its entirety and gathers all things needed in building or creating its masterpiece. On the other hand, a Bricoleur utilizes what materials are existing and finds new ways to create a masterpiece. The engineer uses a â€Å"scientific mind† while a bricoleur exercises a â€Å"savage mind†. ... Bricoleur, is closed to whatever is imposed by the state of civilization. Thus, according to Levi-Strauss, engineers works by concept while bricoleur works with signs. Signs incorporate certain amount of culture into reality while concepts tries to be transparent to reality. This view shows how Levi-Strauss discussed the world between technology and metaphysics. Thus talking about the engineer being able to utilize the available practical knowledge exhibited by the bricoleur, technology therefore was a tangible expression of metaphysics. The two don’t have a big difference but is interconnected. The Savage Mind focused on the division of world during the 1960s. It showed how the scholars had a hard time deciphering a specific formula of how the world works. With what the book has discussed, the world is torn between technology and metaphysics. Scholars also have different views such that others support in totemism while other are support the anti-totemic school such as the aut hor Levi-Strauss. The Tristes Tropiques Claude Levi-Strauss The Tristes Tropiques book by Levi-Strauss provided a very wide exploration of the relationship of human beings and the environment. This book focused in Levi-Strauss’ research in Brazil which discussed sociology, religion, education, as well as urban development. Being an anthropologist, he has shown his feelings, fears and the possible criticisms in this book. On the first part of his book, he showed his talent in writing and him being a good social scientist. He also discussed urban development in Part Three of his book that can be of great reference and influence to architects and urban planners. Being an anthropologist, Levi-Strauss has the responsibility to write his views and opinions. Writing about the

Security Management ( Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Security Management ( - Essay Example All in all a complete security picture has been painted through this report. Security in the current scenario of ever-changing geo-political situation is the major talking point of any high profile event. This is due to the nature of damage any security lapses bring in such an event, both financial and moral. The report describes a detailed insight of security arrangements made for a high profile event. The event under discussion is a family festival in the capital of a small yet important country named Pakistan. The festival, takes place on the eve of Christmas, many dignitaries including the members of the American conciliate are invited. Hence the need for maximum security arrangements has been felt and a team of security consultants have been called in from the U.S.A. The detail of the event along with the security arrangements made to tackle any kind of a contingency has been chalked out in this report. Also, features like VIP movement and other factors have been highlighted. All in all, this report outlines all the measures that have been taken for the smooth running of this family gala, which takes place in a country where the security conditions are not ideal. Before coming to the actual arrangements, it is very important to know the gravity of the situation and the kind of the event that has to be handled. Only then one can understand the need for security measurements needed at the venue. As briefly stated before, it is a carnival for Christian families living in the federal capital of Pakistan. As Pakistan is a Muslim country, this is not a holiday season and therefore normal life routines are not halted for Christmas. This festival is an invite only event with many VIPs on the guest like the ambassadors of U.K and U.S. Since the invites have been sent already, the background check on all the guests has been carried out using the help of local law enforcing agencies. Any

'Britain's 6 million carers are on the verge of winning unprecedented Coursework

'Britain's 6 million carers are on the verge of winning unprecedented rights following a European court opinion that would p - Coursework Example Nevertheless, in examining the law regarding employment, carers and flexible working schedules, it becomes clear that UK does value carers, therefore a law forbidding just this kind of discrimination and harassment is probably just around the corner. This paper will explain the different areas of the law that are relevant to the issue of harassment and discrimination regarding carers, including broad employment law principles, carer law and flexible working law. Relevant portions of employment law Miss C. has an argument that she was harassed out of a job because she took time off to care for her severely disabled son. Harassment is unwanted conduct that â€Å"has the purpose or effect of violating a person's dignity and creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for the person†1However, the Employment Equality Acts makes a distinction – harassment is unwanted conduct related to any of the discriminatory grounds. ... Fair reasons for dismissal, according to the Employment Rights Act 1996 are dismissals that â€Å"a) relates to the capability or qualifications of the employee for performing work of the kind which he was employed by the employer to do; b) relates to the conduct of the employee; ba) is retirement of the employee; c) is that the employee was redundant, or d) is that the employee could not continue to work in the position which he held without contravention (either on his part or on that of his employer) of a duty or restriction imposed by or made under an enactment.†4 In reviewing these reasons for a fair dismissal, the process of taking time off to care for a disabled dependent, such as a child or a parent, does not fit well into any of the categories. Taking time off does not have any bearing on the capabilities or qualifications of the employee performing the work that the employee does, does not relate to the employee’s conduct, nor does it mean that the employee co uld not continue to work in the position held without contravention or a duty or a restriction. Therefore, under the Employment Rights Act 1996  § 98(2), firing an individual for caring for a dependent would not be considered one of the categories for fair dismissal. If Miss C is considered to be unfairly dismissed, she may bring suit under the Unfair Dismissals Act 1977, which states that if there is an unfair dismissal, â€Å"the employee shall be entitled to redress consisting of whichever of the following the rights commissioner, the Tribunal or the Circuit Court, as the case may be, considers appropriate having regard to all the circumstances.†5 The Act then goes on to say that the employee is entitled to re-instatement or

Marketing Decicion Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Decicion Making - Essay Example Effective market communication requires an integrated promotional system that reaches from primary producer to ultimate consumer. Communications flow to markets through long, complex channels that include manufacturers, retailers, wholesalers, consumers, agencies, and media. Each unit can break the chain or pass on the information as it sees fit. The amount and quality of information, therefore, depends on the channel. IMC's most fundamental and perhaps most challenging task is trying to reach people who can conceivably purchase a client's product. Allin (2009). explains marketing communications as "the process by which the marketer develops and presents an appropriate set of communications stimuli to a defined target audience with the intention of eliciting a desired set of responses" (p.37). Formal channels, however, do not account for all marketing communications. Publicity, which is an integral part of many promotional campaigns and sometimes precedes the advertising and sales effort, lies outside them. Although it can be important in gaining market acceptance for products and companies, publicity, like word of mouth, is often a relatively low-grade communications channel with a high degree of interference, distortion, and noise. Marketing communications serve four basic management purposes. ... Third, they help adjust the system to customer and consumer requirements. Fourth, they adjust and help in adjusting the product to customer needs. The task of marketing communications is to get people or markets to progress from a state of unawareness, or even negative reaction, to one of positive action. The stages in this progression are unawareness, awareness, comprehension, conviction, and action (Steve 2009). The theory of information is one that holds promise for the measurement of marketing communications. To date, its primary application is in electrical engineering. It deals with measuring the information content of a message, self-information, bits of information, entropy, the value of average information, loose channels, and noisy and noiseless channels. It provides operational definitions, measures, and a different basis for thinking about marketing communications. The idea of measuring the information content of stimuli, though particularly relevant, is not yet tractable, and the application of this part communications theory to practical marketing situations remains unattained. The careful financial review now being given to investments in plant and equipment or to inventory purchases is destined to be extended to advertising expenditures. Advertising messages are meeting increasing competition from a plethora of other ads, from other media, from competitors, and from all the act ivities that vie for a person's attention. As output swells and communications facilities increase, more claims will be made on consumer time and the cost of marketing communications will skyrocket (Ng and Houston 2009). Pros and cons: advertising. The advantage of advertising is

The Emergent Threat of Bio-Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Emergent Threat of Bio-Terrorism - Essay Example This paper weighs the pros and cons on whether al Qaeda or any other international terrorist group indeed has the motivation and capability to develop and use bio-weapons to carry out their missions of terror against the civilized world. If biological weapons represent the new threat to world peace and security that it is feared to be, we need to examine the desire and capability of authorities to deal with this yet to be experienced challenge to existing health and defense systems. Together with chemical and nuclear weapons, modern biological weapons are commonly classified as weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and have been used as such on many occasions in the past. Biochemical weapons may appeal to terrorists for three major reasons: 1) they are easier and cheaper to acquire than nuclear devices and cause more casualties; 2) their effects on target population are hard to detect and counter; and 3) the threat of their use causes fear, which element the terrorists love most (Danitz, 1998, p. 3). The use of bio-weapons actually goes back to the siege warfare in Medieval Ages, among which was the recorded attempt to spread disease through dead horses at northern France in 1340. In 1346, cadavers of plague victims were dumped on the defenders at Caffa in Crimea, while human and animal manure was used at Karlstein in Bohemia in 1422. The most successful was said to be the bio-attack at Caffa, where a large number of the defenders came down with the Bubonic plague (Wheelis, 2002, p. 12). On the American frontier, some of the disease outbreaks between the 18th and early 20th centuries might have been deliberately instigated (Fenn, 2000). The best documented of those early bio-attacks took place at Fort Pitt in Pennsylvania at the height of the Pontiac rebellion in 1763, when British troops gifted the Fort Pitt defenders with blankets and handkerchiefs from smallpox patients. The latter-day known incident of that nature happened between 1957 and 1965 when land speculators and corrupt agents of the Brazilian Indian Protective Service introduced smallpox, measles, flu and tuberculosis into the American Indians on the Amazonian basin. For smallpox, fomites were used and for the other diseases the culprits had the sick whites mixed with tribe members (Wheelis, 2002, p. 13). War records starting from the American Revolutionary War to the Cold War era also reveal the extensive use of bio-weapons. There was the story of how British troops attacked the Continental Army in Boston and Quebec on several occasions with smallpox by driving infected civilians into the enemy fold. In World War I, the Germans waged a covert bio-attack by having secret agents inject anthrax and glanders cultures into farm animals penned for shipment to Allied countries. Japan resorted to the same tactic during World War II mostly against the Chinese. In the 1942 Chekiang campaign, for example, retreating Japanese agents poisoned wells, sprayed the ground behind them with microbial cultures and left infected foodstuff for the

Benefits of Stem Cell Research and Parkinsons disease Proposal

Benefits of Stem Cell and Parkinsons disease - Research Proposal Example Since immuno-rejection is the major complication in transplantation medicine, scientists are keen to create patient-specific donor cells using the therapeutic potential of induced pluripotent stem (IPS) cells for neural cell replacement that could reduce inherent risks of stem cell therapy. Advancement in science and technology made us capable of new discoveries and is creating wonders through replicating nature and with the successful cloning of sheep 'Dolly", we are at the threshold of human cloning. Isolation and culture of human embryonic stem cell (hES cells) and human embryonic germ cell (hEG cell) was first reported in 1998. It was a milestone in the history of stem cell research, because hES cells are considered to be the most fundamental and extraordinary of the stem cells, which has the potential for differentiation into a diverse cell type. Stem cells are the foundation cells for every organ, tissue and cell in the body" that are "blank", "self sustaining, and "can replicate themselves for long periods", which could develop into specialized tissues and organs under proper conditions. (Frequently Asked Question on stem cell research: What are stem cells). Stem cells are believed to be the "reservoirs of repair cells" that could replace degenerated cells and t issues of an organism, which make them suitable in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Though various types of stem cells have diverse properties, their capability of "self-renewal and also of differentiation into specialized cells. Some stem cells are more committed to a particular developmental fate than others." This makes stem cells appropriate for therapeutic purpose in regenerative medicine. (Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research, p.15). Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by the progressive degeneration of dopamine neurons in the nucleus of mitochondria. Principal symptoms for diagnosing Parkinson's Disease are involuntary shaking of limbs; stiffness of joints and rigidity of the limbs; "bradykinesia" (slowness in all voluntary movements), "hypokinesia" (poverty of movement), and postural instability (difficulty adjusting to changes in body position). (Clarke, C E, p.441-445). Parkinson patients develop problems like dementia, motor control problems, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance. Since pharmacological therapy (primarily levodopa, dopamine agonists, or monoamine-oxidase-B inhibitors) and surgical treatment for "subthalmic stimulation" is not fully effective in controlling the progressive dopamine decay, it is hoped that recent advances in stem cell transplantation has the ability to replace degenerated neurons and reduce the sufferings of Patients ailing from Parkinson Disease patients (Clark, 2007). Since the number of people requiring transplants are far more than organ donors, it is considered that the unique characteristics of stem cells to replicate and regenerate themselves to specialized tissues and organs, under proper conditions, are considered to be beneficial in the treatment of debilitating diseases like Alzheimers, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, burns, etc. Stem cells can be obtained from embryo, bone marrow, umbilical cord of a newborn baby, amniotic fluid, and some tissues of the brain, of which embryonic stem cells are referred to as pluripotent

The Emergent Threat of Bio-Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Emergent Threat of Bio-Terrorism - Essay Example This paper weighs the pros and cons on whether al Qaeda or any other international terrorist group indeed has the motivation and capability to develop and use bio-weapons to carry out their missions of terror against the civilized world. If biological weapons represent the new threat to world peace and security that it is feared to be, we need to examine the desire and capability of authorities to deal with this yet to be experienced challenge to existing health and defense systems. Together with chemical and nuclear weapons, modern biological weapons are commonly classified as weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and have been used as such on many occasions in the past. Biochemical weapons may appeal to terrorists for three major reasons: 1) they are easier and cheaper to acquire than nuclear devices and cause more casualties; 2) their effects on target population are hard to detect and counter; and 3) the threat of their use causes fear, which element the terrorists love most (Danitz, 1998, p. 3). The use of bio-weapons actually goes back to the siege warfare in Medieval Ages, among which was the recorded attempt to spread disease through dead horses at northern France in 1340. In 1346, cadavers of plague victims were dumped on the defenders at Caffa in Crimea, while human and animal manure was used at Karlstein in Bohemia in 1422. The most successful was said to be the bio-attack at Caffa, where a large number of the defenders came down with the Bubonic plague (Wheelis, 2002, p. 12). On the American frontier, some of the disease outbreaks between the 18th and early 20th centuries might have been deliberately instigated (Fenn, 2000). The best documented of those early bio-attacks took place at Fort Pitt in Pennsylvania at the height of the Pontiac rebellion in 1763, when British troops gifted the Fort Pitt defenders with blankets and handkerchiefs from smallpox patients. The latter-day known incident of that nature happened between 1957 and 1965 when land speculators and corrupt agents of the Brazilian Indian Protective Service introduced smallpox, measles, flu and tuberculosis into the American Indians on the Amazonian basin. For smallpox, fomites were used and for the other diseases the culprits had the sick whites mixed with tribe members (Wheelis, 2002, p. 13). War records starting from the American Revolutionary War to the Cold War era also reveal the extensive use of bio-weapons. There was the story of how British troops attacked the Continental Army in Boston and Quebec on several occasions with smallpox by driving infected civilians into the enemy fold. In World War I, the Germans waged a covert bio-attack by having secret agents inject anthrax and glanders cultures into farm animals penned for shipment to Allied countries. Japan resorted to the same tactic during World War II mostly against the Chinese. In the 1942 Chekiang campaign, for example, retreating Japanese agents poisoned wells, sprayed the ground behind them with microbial cultures and left infected foodstuff for the